Critical Issue Promoting Technology Use In Schools Education Essay

Critical Issue Promoting Technology Use In Schools Education EssayAlthough in that respect has been a strong fight to get educational applied science into the hands of instructors and bookmans, many obstacles to implementation still exist. Equipment may not be placed in easily accessible locations. hardw atomic number 18 and softw ar often pose problems for teachers in the classroom, and just-in- sentence technical support may be unavailable. Teachers may lack the time and the motivation to learn technology skills. original reading activities may not provide ongoing, hands-on training forteachers or practical strategies for implementing technology into lesson final ca consumptions. Initial technology funding may not be sustained and thus not capable of providing upgrades, aid, and ongoing professional development. Fortunately, these obstacles can be addressed and overcome. This Critical Issue provides practical information for promoting technology single-valued function in coachs.OVERVIEW The push to provide technology in indoctrinates has been successful in recent years. According to Goldman, Cole, and Syer (2000), most checks have electronic computer labs and many have computers in every classroom. More than 90 percent of exclusively schools are connected to the Internet, and more than 33 percent of teachers have Internet access in their classrooms. and teachers readily admit that they are not fashioning as much use of technology as they could. According to an Education Week survey, nearly 30 percent of teachers said their students use computers only one hour per week nearly 40 percent said their students do not use computers in the classroom at all (Trotter, 2001). Although technology is more prevalent in the schools, several factors affect whether and how it is used. Those factors accept placement of computers for equitable access, technical support, effective goals for technology use, new roles for teachers, time for ongoing professional development, appropriate coaching of teachers at different skill levels, teacher incentives for use, availability of educational software, and sustained funding for technology.Placing Computers for evenhanded AccessAccess to technology is an distinguished issue for teachers and students. Although schools may have computers available, one factor that determines their use is where those computers are located. If computers are connected to the Internet scarcely are not in a convenient location, the availability to students and teachers will be check. Across the case study sites, there were five different strategies for al mend computers for student use Distribution among the regular classrooms Computers in labs Mobile computer labs Incremental roll-out School-within-a-schoolThe standard computer lab is commonly used in schools. If the use of the computer lab is carefully scheduled, it will provide tall equipment utilization on the other hand, keeping the computers in one place ma y be a barrier to using them on a continual but intermittent basis as a part of the curriculum. Some schools prefer to place computers in the regular classroom. These computers often are distributed through incremental rollout. In incremental rollout, technology is given to a limited number of classrooms at first and then(prenominal) expanded to an additional classroom each year. Sometimes the computers are distributed on a grade-by-grade basis with primary grades first and upper grades later receiving the most with-it equipment. This approach requires continual, yearly funding.Some schools have chosen to start with their Internet connection in the school library. This location necessitates that the library-media specialist is aware of educational sites to subjunction students classroom activities. The library-media specialist also needs to work with teachers and the technology specialist to determine the best use of the equipment. In situations where software also is a limited co mmodity, the school library may house and catalog the software, as is done with other educational materials. This situation actualizes the software available to all teachers and allows teachers flexibility in assigning work to students.Whatever decisions are made on allocation of equipment, it is imperative that all staff members are included in the decision making and that long-term plans are made for acquisition and upgrading of materials. Such collaborative decision making and planning helps ensure staff buy-in, equity of access, and effective use of technology in teaching and learning.Providing Technical SupportWithout continuous technical support, technology integration in the classroom will never be satisfactorily achieved (Bailey Pownell, 2002). intimately teachers have heard horror stories about equipment failure, software complexity, data loss, embarrassments, and frustration. They dont want to be left hanging with 30 students wondering why nothing is working the way it is supposed to be. When teachers are trying to use technology in their classrooms and they encounter difficulties, they need immediate help and support.Providing Time for Ongoing Professional increaseLearning the new roles and ways of teaching that go hand-in-hand with technology integration requires that teachers have opportunities to take part in an extended process of professional development. Teachers need time to acquire technology skills and develop new teaching strategies for integrating technology into the classroom. Except for occasional in-service programs, teachers often have no time built into the school day for their own professional development.When professional development activities are conducted after school, teachers may not have the energy necessary for engaging in learning. Burgos (2001) notes, The question on staff development tells us that its least effective when its done at the end of the school day. Some researchers suggest that the ideal time for teache rs to figure in professional development activities is during the summer, when students are not a consideration and teachers do not have as many demands on their time. But teachers are more likely to apply new instructional strategies if they receive feedback and support while trying the new strategies in their classrooms.Coaching Teachers at Different adroitness LevelsA school may be home to educators with a wide regeneration of skill levels in technology computer gurus anxious to put the capabilities of the newest hardware and software to use moderate technocrats, who implement basic computerized tasks and the technologically limited. The problem faced by administrators and professional development staff of such a school is providing adequate training to bring all teachers to an adequate level of technical expertise so learning goals can be met.After the teachers skill levels are identified, administrators, teachers, and the technology specialist can brainstorm to determine wh at support and resources teachers need to advance to the next stage. Teachers can develop personal plans for professional development that include goals for using technology. These professional development plans can be competency driven, identifying unique(predicate) areas where technology can be used effectively they can specify outcomes to be achieved using technology, such as implementing specific projects with students and they can list software applications that should be mastered by specific dates. By putting individual goals in writing, these plans formalize teachers commitment to using technology in the classroom, states Tenbusch (2002).Choosing Appropriate SoftwareOne barrier to technology integration is the difficulty many teachers face in finding and using appropriate software for instruction (Glenn, 2003). Teachers at novice or apprenticeship stages of technology integration may need guidance in locating multimedia software and Internet sites to support the schools lear ning goals, either because they are unfamiliar with these media or because they feel overwhelmed by the profusion of software on the merchandise and sites on the Internet. Lack of time and experience to make good decisions about what particular products or sites have the potential of fostering learning goals can make technology integration a frightening prospect. Glenn (2003) succinctly summarizes the challenge Problems exist with finding and using appropriate software or courseware for instruction. The number of high-quality curriculum materials has increased, and there is a wider variety however, creating innovative learning opportunities for all students remains a fundamental challenge and elusive for far too many teachers.GOALS The schools technology plan clearly identifies learning goals to be achieved through technology. Technology supports the instructional learning goals. It is integrated into instruction in meaningful ways so that it contributes to the attainment of high s tandards by all students. Technology is used for challenging, long-term projects that promote students higher-order thinking skills instead of merely for drill-and-practice programs to improve basic skills. All students have opportunities to use a variety of technologies to support their work on authentic tasks. All technology is in operable condition and is being used effectively and to the maximum extent possible. Just-in-time technology support is available for teachers and students. There is a flexibility in managing the technology to ensure that all students and teachers have equity of access. Professional development is considered an important part of the technology plan and the technology budget. The professional development component of the technology plan ensures that every teacher has allotted time throughout the school year for professional development relating to technology and its integration into the classroom. Professional development in technology is directly applic able to the classroom situation. A diverse portfolio is in place to ensure that funding is available to support technology and ongoing professional development.Administrators Pursue funding strategies to provide the necessary technology, professional development, technical support, equipment upgrades, and equipment maintenance to achieve educational goals. Develop strategies for ensuring equitable use of education technology for all students and teachers. Acknowledge the benefits of plugging educators into technology improved student performance, increased student motivation, dismount student absenteeism, and higher teacher morale. Understand the implications of preparing teachers for the Digital Age. Ensure that the school is providing professional development for effective technology use. Determine expectations for teachers in regard to their use of technology in their classrooms. Develop strategies for teaching the teachers and eventually winning teachers over. Read about techno logy implementation strategies in Teachers and Technology Making the Connection. hand over all teachers and administrators with an Internet e-mail address. Use e-mail for all school announcements. Provide a networked computer on the desk of every teacher and administrator. Provide all teachers with on-site training in technology use. Ensure that teachers have adequate time to practice new skills, explore software, and become proficient with the schools technology. Involve teachers in identifying and pursue technology professional development that is appropriate to their needs and skills. Encourage teachers to set their own technology integration goals as part of their individual professional development plans. Ensure that adequate technical support is available. Address any problems that arise with new uses of technology in the classroom quickly and efficiently. Use a variety of time and monetary incentives as well as job requirements that encourage teachers to use technology in t heir classrooms.o Provide release time for teachers to participate in technology professional development activities during the school day.o Pay for additional professional development activities, such as outside conferences and workshops that address specific classroom technology issues.o Pay teachers to act as technology mentors for teachers with novice technology skills.o Provide classroom-embedded mentoring, tutoring, and follow-up activities.o Financially support teachers for designing good instructional uses of technology.o As an additional incentive, offer technology for classroom or personal use laptop computers, technology equipment, and software.o Make teachers base pay contingent upon participation of technology professional development.o Include technological competence as one aspect of teacher evaluation.o Tie job security to technology professional development by adding technology competence to teacher evaluation, requiring technology-related professional development for contract renewal, or making technology professional development a requirement for re-certification. Periodically visit classrooms to determine teachers technology needs and to observe and encourage their integration strategies. Provide opportunities for teachers to observe effective technology use in other classes or schools. Recognize teacher successes with technology. Share these stories with the school and the community. Encourage teachers to share their successes with colleagues at conferences. enroll in professional development programs, study groups, and other technology activities with teachers and other staff members.

Registered Nurses Might Develop Appropriate Leadership Skills Nursing Essay

Registered Nurses Might Develop Appropriate leading Skills nurse establishThe purpose of this assignment is to examine how registered nurses receive appropriate leadership skills, and how this chamberpot be apply in improving a patients c atomic number 18 requirements.Throughout this intelligence I result give a definition of leadership, types of leadership models and theorist. Examine the KSF (Knowledge Skills Framework) and PDP (Personal growth Portfolio) and discuss the skills and noesis that nurses request in order to succeed and develop the leadership skills that go forth be used in improving the patients overall c atomic number 18 outcomes.I result use tools such as the internet eg. CINHAL, Caledonian University library, Blackboard, confused journals and books to ensure the information ear intentd is up to date and current within modern day drills and techniques within the nursing profession.Leadership, according to Grim (2010), is a complex entity, on that p oint ar m both definitions, Benton (2005), described leadership as the art of influencing people to accomplish the mission, an another(prenominal) definition by Huczynski and Buchanan (1991), defines leadership as a cordial process in which one individual influences the behaviour of others without threats or violence. Cook, (2001),stated that Leadership is not merely a series of skills or occupations rather, it is an attitude that informs behavior.When we call of leaders we think of great people such as Churchill, Kennedy, Florence Nightingale and numerous more, these people ar regarded as leaders because they had a vision to counterchange over things for the better, they inspired their fellow men with words of wisdom, they contestd authority and seized on opportunities.There ar different styles of leadershipAutocratic, these types of leaders slump their own goals they do this without allowing other group members to participate in the decision making, (Faugier Woolnough, 2002).Bureaucratic, this is where the leadership has no grey atomic number 18as they stick to the rules, regulations, and policies rigidly.Participative leader, these leaders allow staff to participate in making decisions, they show and pick fellow staff to participate in the decision making. The feeling is that this type of leadership would allow members of the team to feel more committed to the goals set out as they would be part of the team that set them out. (Faugier Woolnough, 2002).Laissez faire leadership is a more risky kind of leadership as the staff members are left to their own devices in meeting the goals set out.According to Faugier Woolnough, (2002), Ellis and Abbott (2009), a better and fairer leadership style may be situational leadership, this style allows the leader to switch amid all the above styles depending on the situation they are dealing with and the competence of the workforce he or she is working with at that time.There are some theorists who believe t hat leadership is in-born and that some traits of a leaders somebodyality such as intelligence, initiative and confidence are what creates leaders. (Goffee and Jones, 2000). There are those who disagree, Kouzes and Posner (2002) for example, palisade that the skills of a leader are observable and learnable. Ellis and Abbott (2009), agree with, Faugier Woolnough, (2002), when feeling at models of leadership see that some theorists believe that people get intrinsic ecstasy when given more control over their work they tend to be more productive and better motivated.The clinical governance and the policy and procedure manuals are all pushing for nurses to be autonomous practitioners, to lead teams, to give patients guidance in controling after their own health. In order to do these nurses pass to inspire and motivate their patients and staff. Timmons and McCabe (2009).As a briskly qualified registered nurse, leadership will be a daunting thought, being the recentest member of st aff, the leadership mantle will not rest on easy shoulders, just now Knowledge and skills essential be kept up to date throughout the practitioners working life,. (NMC 2004) by taking part in learning activities such as the KSF, a learning tool, that develops the practitioners competence and performance.Throughout the NHS the ongoing training tool which is most viridityly applied is the KSF. This is an effective tool used to show the broad skills and knowledge that a nurse or practitioner needs to be effective in their particular post or position.The framework was introduced alongside the Agenda for Change (AfC) pay system to ensure ever soy NHS nurse receives an annual review to esteem the knowledge and skills required to do his or her job.The aims of the KSF were to show clear and consistent development objectives so that practitioners were aware of what skills would be needed for their chosen role, to suspensor and go on the development of staff in such a way that they prat apply the red-hotly gained knowledge and skills to their post and to help identify any knowledge and skills that may support career progression and encourage the need for life long learning. The KSF will ensure that practitioners are fit to practice and continue to provide a framework for good quality care. (Hinchcliff 2009)The KSF also highlighted that a review should take place annually, this would be provided by the practitioners line manager to agree to any personal development plans that the practitioner may bring, if the KSF, is implemented correctly, nurses will have the adequate training and skills to carry out their role effectively. Therefore the KSF will help to raise the clinical standard and standardise the abilities of the staff in specific roles throughout the NHS. (Tanton 2009).wellness, safety and security are the key aspects of the job which the KSF describes it makes it clear that it is lively that everyone takes responsibility for the safety, health and security of patients and clients, the public, colleagues and themselves. It shows that as staff move forward in their careers that their roles and responsibilities for health, safety and security also progress and that different levels of competence are required. (DoH 2004)The DoH (2006) is driving a key initiative to facilitate the development of nursing careers across the UK. Four key priority areas have been identified to target this they areDevelop a competent and flexible workforce.Update career pathways and career choicesPrepare nurses to lead, in a changed health care system acquire the image of nursing and nursing careers. (DOH, 2006, p.17)Leadership skills are being implemented at the start of the nurse training program, communication, perceive, self awareness, empathy, motivation, reflection, critical view and riddle solving, these skills will be required from every registered nurse from the onset of their career.The knowledge and skills that are obtained are needed fo r the team to attain clear, shared and attainable goals, which are essential in ensuring patients receive the best possible care. NMC (2004)Todays practitioners increasingly require the skills and knowledge to base care on best manifest, to use critical thinking and demonstrate advance leadership and decision making skills, to develop and enhance services in a more complex and diverse healthcare environment. Casey and Clark (2009) life-sustaining thinking, is a skill that is defined by Wilkinson (1969) as both an attitude and a reasoning process that involves several intellectual skills. Taylor (2006)Described critical thinking as the rational examination of ideas, inferences, principles, arguments, conclusions, issues, statements, beliefs and actions also referred to as clinical reasoning, clinical decision making and clinical judgement. (Toofany, 2008)In todays healthcare environment things are ever changing and so is the information that the medical, clinical and multidisciplin ary teams have to analyse. This information has to be critically analysed, weighing up the evidence and arguments that support such information, research suggests, that many newly qualified nurses and students lack the skills acquired to think critically (Shell 2001). According to Luckowski (2003), critical thinking is a skill that all newly registered nurses essential have if they are to succeed in nursing. The need to solve problems in clinical practice (Ferrario 2004), is a skill that is necessary for the development of implementing theory to practice. Once qualified the new practitioner will have to think on her feet, critical thinking requires her to make decisions astir(predicate) patient care and to solve problems, these are complex cognitive experiences that nurses have to carry out quickly.There are structured care cominges such as, Integrated care pathways (ICPs) , protocols and algorithms these are effective tools that will help new nurses and students to learn to be c ritical thinkers.Intuition, according to Smith (2009) has its place in nursing, this is the emotional side of critical thinking, and is an authorised part of decision making when looking after a patient. There is considerable debate about this skill has been linked to expertise and the knowledge of a good nurse, There have been a plethora of research carried out on this subject without any conclusive evidence to disregard it as a skill. Acknowledging intuition is a challenge for nurses, educators and researches, because it is unenviable concept to put into words and measure. Rew and Barrow (2007) Turnbull (1999) called intuition the neglected source of knowledge striving for legitimacy. Benners (1984) From connoisseur to Expert, is a model that is used as the conceptual framework for nursing research on clinical expertise and the use of intuition. ( King and Clark 2002,as cited in Smith 2009)Communication, one of the main skills that a newly qualified nurse dirty dog excel in im mediately after training, a good handover, passing on messages such as doctors orders, blood results, listening to what patients are saying and also what they are not saying, body language, telephone calls, information appertaining to the patient in her care, this skill may be intrinsic but it can also be a learned skill.There are many theories and models on communication, much has been written about this subject models such as, The broadsheet Transactional Model of Communication, (Bateson 1979), and a Skill Model of Interpersonal Communication Hargie Dickson 2004) to name only two of them. (Timmons McCabe 2009) The theories and models may not have a air influence on how the nurse communicates with her patient, but by reading them it allows discussion and in a nursing context this could illustrate a difference between a task centred approach or a patient centred approach when dealing with her patients.Communication is one of the most important skills a nurse can learn, its one o f the first lessons taught at the beginning of her training and carries on for the rest of her nursing profession. According to ( Hinchliff et al 2008pg194) Clear communication is essential to an effective and ethical professional relationship. A nurse uses this skill consciously and unconsciously every day of her professional life. To be an effective communicator and have the patients best interests, the nurse must communicate openly and honestly, this may not only be with the patient and their family, but other members of the multidisciplinary teams. A registered nurse must develop a divagate of communication skills, styles, and technique to best suit her patients needs. There also needs to be good communication between the multidisciplinary teams, poorly written information about a patient could have an effect on the outcome of a patients care. NMC Guidelines for records and record keeping (2004), state that, Good record keeping is a mark of a skilled and safe practitioner, It is also a fundamental part of nursing, which carries a legal responsibility as patients records are part of the key evidence if a case goes to a court of law.(Hinchliff 2008). A professional nurse may on occasions find herself involved in situations where they may be called to give witness under oath this is when the skill of good accurate record keeping plays a pivotal role.Active listening skills are an important skill, establishing a rapport with a patient just stopping for a moment and giving them eye contact smiling and asking open and unappealing questions will allow the patient to trust the nurse this in turn may reduce the patients anxiety levels and allow the patient to see that they are not just an illness but an individual, thus a therapeutic relationship may develop. (McCabe 2004 Astedr-Kurki and Haggman-Laitila 1992 Williams 1998) A nurse also has to be patient centred in her approach to planning, implementing and evaluating patient care, showing qualities of empathy w armth, genuineness, all the following skills are also essentialSelf Awareness and Assertiveness are skills that the newly qualified nurses have to develop, the need to understand themselves and be aware of their own feelings, actions, values, attitudes, beliefs and how they influence relationships and interactions with others. A nurse cannot understand others until they themselves are self aware. Self-awareness is a lifelong process and requires the individual to look inside themselves and reflect take on board feedback from others. Senge (2006)Assertiveness, another valuable skill in the element of communication Balzer-Riley (2000) suggests that assertiveness is the ability to express thoughts feelings and ideas without excessive anxiety or having a negative effect on others. To have leadership skills nurses must be more assertive, it is well documented (McCabeTimmins 2006) that in the gone most nurses tended to take a submissive role in communication behaviour, todays nurse with good mentorship and support can be frank, flexible and open-minded and with the reclaim encouragement can motivate and encourage others, without being confrontational or challenging, this can work in the patients best interest to have a overconfident practitioner.Self- regulation this is the component of emotional intelligence that enables the individual to be reasonable in the workplace, with appropriate control over feelings and impulses they are open to change and have the capacity to create environments of trust and fairness.Motivation driven by not only external incentives such individuals are uniquely internally motivated and will display both innate optimism and organisational commitment.Empathy this is an essential component, which enables one to understand both the needs of the user of the service and also those of the providers.Social skills enables the individual to find common ground and manage relationships. (Timmins McCabe 2009)Responsibility is a duty for which on e is responsible, while accountability relates to the fact that one can be called to account for ones actions with regard to a duty. Nursing midwifery council, states that a practitioner may be expected to delegate to others who are not registered nurses, they may be health care assistants, (HCAs) or students, but the practititioner still remains accountable for the appropriateness of the agency. NMC (2004). mission is the transfer of selected tasks and responsibility for completion of tasks to another person and retaining supervision and accountability for that activity (Hansten and capital of Mississippi 2004).Delegation is a skill that a new nurse may have to use from day one in her job, she may find herself commission a task to health care assistances (HCAs) or a student, this may seem inappropriate as the HCA probably has much more knowledge of the task than the new nurse. What a new nurse or in fact any nurse has to weigh up when delegating the task to another is, does this person have the right skills and competence to carry out the task delegated to them, has this person had training to carry out the task, who is liable if any harm befalls the patient or the carers, the person who carried out the task? or the person who delegated the task? The law will state that due to professional accountability, only responsibility can be delegated to others, accountability and liability cannot be delegated. (Cornock 2008) This means that even though the individual took the task on, they may state, that they lacked the authority, knowledge and experience to carry out the task, even though the student/ HCA have took responsibility for the task. The nurse who delegated must from a legal perspective remain nearby to monitor the task, and to offer advice if needed. In America, The National Council of accede Boards of Nursing (1995), brought about the five rights of delegation these areThe right task,The right circumstances,From the right person,With the right communi cation,With the right supervision.The NMC (2007b) also reflect on this advice with regards to delegation, as delegation is a skill that will develop over time with the right mentorship and guidance. (Hinchcliff 2009)As the new practitioners confidence in her experiences, abilities and competence in the field she has chosen, grows, mentoring will be the next stage of her development. Mentoring whether its formal or informal is one of the important roles that every nurse has to take part in. The NMC (2006) states that, nurses who take the role of mentors must be registered with the NMC and be on the same part of the register as the students they assess, the mentor must be on the register for at least 12 months and have completed an NMC approved mentor preparation course, (PA, Panther 2008). The NMC (2004 4.3) states that the practitioner must communicate effectively to others and share knowledge, skill and expertise with other members of the team as required for the benefit of patient s. The course is a ten day program following the publication of the NMC, touchstones to Support Learning and assessment in utilisation (NMC 2006)Reflection, just like clinical skills reflection needs to be learned, it is an activities that is central to a nurses professional practice. Johns (2000) stated Reflection is a window that the nurse can view and concentrate on herself within the context of her lived experience, this will help her to confront and understand the problem and work towards resolving it within her practice of what she has through and what she would like to do better. When carrying out tasks with the patient although the nurse does her best, using reflective practice she can look back and see how she could have made this detail better for the patient, it may identify a lack of knowledge or a skill that needs to be practiced for the future care of a patient. There are several models of reflection (e.g. Gibbs 1988, Johns 2000, Taylor 2006,) these models help the practitioner by asking structured questions about their experiences in clinical practice which prompt the practitioner to remember certain aspects of the event e.g. who, what, where and when, these questions are a catalyst for the practitioner.When reflection forms part of a structured learning experience then theory and practice become more integrated and theory informs practice and practice informs theory. (Clark et al, 2001), (Fowler, 2006).The purpose of this assignment was to examine how registered nurses develop appropriate leadership skills, and how this can be implemented in improving a patients care requirements. The NMC states that as a practitioner you must keep your knowledge and skills up to date throughout your working life, this will be helped by carrying out Personal Development Portfolios and following the Knowledge and Skills Framework, as this can benefit the practitioner by highlighting abilities, achievements and experiences. Also the portfolio can show the deve lopment of analytical skills through reflective study. The practitioner will need to acquire and develop the skills and attributes required to deal with a range of new and emerging nursing responsibilities in todays healthcare. Nurses who are competent in the skills of leadership will be able to plan and design the way care is delivered in the future, this will achieve the goals of the health service providers and improve patient care outcomes.REFERENCES LEADERSHIP 2010Astedt-Kurki, P Haggman-Laitila, A (1992) Good Nursing Practice as sensed by Clients A starting point for the development of professional nursing. Journal of Advance Nursing, 17 (10), 1195-9Balzer Riley J. (2000) Communication in Nursing, 4th edn. Mosby, St. Louis.Bateson G. (1979) Mind and Nature. Dutton New York.Benner P. (1984) From Novice to Expert Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice. Addison-Wesley, Menio Park Ca. as cited in Smith A (2009) Exploring the legitimacy of intuition as a form of nursing knowledge. Nursing Standard 6 vol 23 no 40 pg 35-39Benton T. 2005) Airforce Officers Guide. 34th ed. Mechanicburg, PA Stackpole Books. As Cited in Grimm JW. (2010) Effective Leadership Making The Difference. Journal of Emergency Nursing. Vol 36 (1) pg 74-77.Casey D, Clark, L. (2009) Professional development for registered nurses. Nursing Standard vol 24 No 15-17 pg, 35-38.Clark A. Dooher J. Fowler J. (2001) The Handbook of Practice and Development. Dinton Quay Books.Cook, M. (2001). The renaissance of clinical leadership. planetary Nursing as cited in Cornock M. (2008) Where the buck stops. Nursing Standard 12, 17 vol 23 no 15-17Department of Health (DoH) (2004) The NHS Knowledge and Skills Framework. London Department of HealthEllis P. Abbot J. (2009) How to succeed as a new renal nurse manager. Journal of Renal Nursing 1 (2) 93-96.Faugier, J. and Woolnough, H. (2002). National nursing leadership programme. rational Health Practice, 6 (3) 28-34.Ferrario CG. (2004) Developing cli nical reasoning stratergies cognitive shortcuts. Journal for Nurses in ply development 20, 5, pg 229-235.Fowler J. (2006) The impotance of reflective practicefor nurses and prescibers. Nurse Prescribing. 4. 103-6.Gibbs G. (1988) Learning by Doing A Guid to Teaching and Learning Methods. Oxford Further Education Unit, Oxford Polytechnic.Goffee R. Jones G. (2000) Why should anyone be led by you? Havard Buisness Review. 78(5) 63-70Grimm JW. (2010) Effective Leadership Making The Difference. Journal of Emergency Nursing. Vol 36 (1) pg 74-77.Hansten R, capital of Mississippi M. (2004). Clinical delegation skills A Handbook for Professional Practice, 3rd edn. Aspen Publication, New York, as cited in Timmins F. McCabe C. (2009) Day Surgery Contemporary Approaches to Nursing Care Wiley-Blackwell UK.pg. 112.Hargie O. Dickson D. (2004) versatile Interpersonal Communication Research Theory and Practice. Routlege. Sussex.Hczynski A. Buchanan D. (1991) Organisational Behaviour An Introductory Text 2nd edn. Prentice Hall. London.Hinchliff, S. Norman S, Schober, J. (2008) Nursing Practice and Health Care. A ass Text 5th ed Hodder Arnold. London.Johns C. (2000) Becoming a Reflective Practitioner A Reflective Holistic Approach to Clinical Nursing Practice Development and Clinical Supervision. Oxford Blackwell ScienceKing L. Clark JM. (2002) Intuition and development of expertise in surgical ward and intensive care nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 37, 4. 322-29Kouzes JM. Posner BZ. (2002) The leadership challenge How to keep getting things done in organisations. Jossy-Bass. San Francisco.Luckowski A. (2003) Concept Mapping as a critical thinking tool for nurse educators. Journal for Nurses in Staff Development. 195. 225-230McCabe C. (2004) Nurse-Patient communication An exploration of Patients experiences, Journal of Clinical Nursing 13,41-9Nursing Midwifery Council NMC (2004) Guidelines for records and record keeping. Nursing and Midwifery CouncilNursing Midwifery Counc il NMC (2006). The PREP Handbook. London Nursing and Midwifery Council.Nursing Midwifery Council (NMC), (2006). Standards to Support Learning and assessment in Practice London Nursing and Midwifery CouncilNursing Midwifery Council NMC (2007b). Advice on Delegation for NMC Registrants A-Z Advice Sheet, London Nursing and Midwifery Council.Pa, A. Panther, W. (2008) Professional development and the role of mentorship. Nursing Standared. 6, 25, 22, pg 35-Rew L, Barrow EM. (2007) State of the science intuition in nursing, a generation of examine the phenomenon. Advances in Nursing Science. 30, 1. E15-25Senge PM. (2006) The Fifth Discipline The Art and Practice of the Learning Organisation. Random House Business, London.Shell R. (2001). Percieved barriers to teaching for critical thinking skill by BSN Nursing Faculty. Nursing Health Care Perspective . 22. 6. pg286-89Smith A (2009) Exploring the legitimacy of intuition as a form of nursing knowledge. Nursing Standard 6 vol 23 no 40 pg 35- 39Taylor BJ. (2006) Reflective Practice A Guide for Nurses and Midwives. Open University Press. Maidenhead.Timmins F. McCabe C. (2009) Day Surgery Contemporary Approaches to Nursing Care Wiley-Blackwell UK.Toofany S. (2008) vituperative thinking among nurses. Nursing Management vol 14 No9 Feb (2008) pg28-31Turnbull J. (1999) Intuition in nursing relationships the result of skills or qualities? British Journal of Nursing 8,5, 302-306Williams, A.M. (1998) The delivery of quality nursing careA grounded theory study of the nurses perspective. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 27, 808-16

The Status Of Women In Pakistan

The Status Of Wo twist force In Pakistan1.1 Demographic Transition and Status of Women in PakistanWomens say-so has to a greater extent than wiz component their right to experience a decision their admission to opportunities and resources authority to be in charge of their own screws, twain inside and out of doors the home. Female authority has homosexualy dimensions. It includes chafe to knowledge, possession of favor open and economic resources and more than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) autonomy in governmental and economic decision-making appendagees. All these components and dimensions of female em plyment atomic number 18 interrelated and an alteration in one component address non pay back a huge trans ca-caation unless(prenominal) tout ensemble change.If females nourish nettle to the productivity of men, then both(prenominal) sexual practices raise work simultaneously towards the betterment of the field, and this volition rac etrack to a sustainable way out of pauperization. and so, women should get reach work opportunities. But women perk up greater challenges, as they do non get the same economic opportunities as men do. They do non get door to the decent on the job(p) learn and lag behind men in decision making.In Pakistan, women do non has proper identities, as she is owned by her male peers. Their integrity and wellness be often beyond their own control. They be taken as invisible, underserved and undernourished. The culture of Pakistan is greatly patriarchal, there argon m each old and conservative traditions of women having a subservient and subordinate grapheme. Decisions for female persons atomic number 18 made by men in her family, especially in under-developed and distant regions. In Pakistan, specific religious beliefs ar deeply rooted in citizens beliefs, on which many traditions and sociable perspective surfaces. sex empowerment means that females ought to gain equality under the law and it prerequisite be implemented and enforced. Womens empowerment essentially contains legal fairness, equal admission price to raising and practical exercise, females management at the national level, positive exercise for jobs with one and the same pay, and a gender-sensitive justice outline.1.2 Factors Effecting Women potency In PakistanWomen consist of more than 50 percent of population in Pakistan and to deprive this half population of empowerment is to deprive our economy of releaseth. Women empowerment entrust non precisely result in the empowerment of women except besides the economic well-being of the country. The development of the country pass off carewise should result in equitable distribution of development call fors especially to the women sector. Economically empower women have more autonomy and resultantly this can transform their children and family lives. As she is a pivot nearly which entire family unit revolve, thence an econom ically enriched woman has a constructive impact on the future generation.Countries who dont take benefit of its full population and ignores half of it, it is actually misallocating its resources, which will moreover lead to the reducing their development potential. All countries should focus on its weakness and learn from more successful countries. It should alike set up much(prenominal) policies which take advantage of the whole population, as in both female and male. As successful countries are the one who recognize the potential in the women force as well for development.Throughout the world, there is not a champion country which can go down on of gender equality and full women empowerment. Women still out there face discrimination and are lagging behind in one way or the another(prenominal)wise. Gender equality in two critical sections is truly beta like economic and policy-making empowerment of women. There is improvement in health and information with the advent o f technology and as globally economies are ontogenesis but yet there is a long way to go as women are still truly behind men especially in decision making and income earning. With the past trend it is quiet visible women are actively participating in to take charge of their own lives and this is in fact effecting the communities and fraternity as a whole. But there is a big occupation as women are not consistent class, they vary by race culture, society, brought up and opportunity, thus these factors to a fault plays an primary(prenominal) part in the disparity of women as these factors touch the behavior of society members.The objective of this research is to find out what political and economic determinants effect the women empowerment especially in Pakistan. The of import cultivation is to find out what past variables have been selected and to learn from them and find new determinants.1.3 Incidence and The Extent Women Empowerment In PakistanAs Pakistan is a growing and ma turation country and for the past few years its condition is not much up(a), this in act is further affecting the condition of women. As more and more people are effected and thus poorness is increasing. hence women have to strive hard to contribute to the family income, so that their family is at least in a higher place poverty lineIn Pakistan, apparently through the perspective of Islam this country says it glide bys equal right to both men and women but there is several(prenominal) other side to the picture. Women list a tiny portion in decision making and they contribute precise less o the development of the country as there task force participation with respect to men is very less. The placement of women in this country represents the traditions and the social customs, which led women to this condition.Women are evermore underprivileged then man in Pakistan, they get less education, food, decision making and health. As it is consider men are the lords of women, an d women are deprived from their basic rights. Women destiny is controlled by men. This is not the case in Pakistan only but also in many countries men are considered superior than women. To extend to development, we have to convert our weakness to strengths.It is also known that increase women participation in the labour force will benefit the growth and resources can be distributed more easily to disadvantaged people. Thus women should get decent work, social protection and voice at work. As near of the time women are subjugated to lower issue than men and their wages have barely increased over time and they are offered low skilled, low p tutelage atypical jobs, primary(prenominal)ly performed from home. One of the greatest masterments in Pakistan, during the at last decade has been the increasing proportion of women in the toil force, enabling women all over the country to use their potential in the labor market and to achieve economic independence. But yet we still have a l ong way to go.From Global perspective spiriteder percentage of female are working in the developed countries than ever before, yet at the identical time these women continuing raise children to bear new burthens. But these women face tradeoffs as it will be difficult to find good demanding jobs with children to look after too as well. That is why there is not equal opportunity for men and women. non only the family but also the society, government and the whole nation will benefit from the empowerment of women.Versatile aspects contribute to the passive functions played by women in the Pakistan Society. Great emphasis has been laid on removing gender difference and improving women empowerment as millenary Developmental Goal, resultantly many efforts have been initiated by the political science and NGOs in Pakistan on this issueAccording to (Pakistan government agency trends for women) , international Labor Organization (ILO), has the objective of the promotion of opportunities for women and men to obtain productive employment is also the overall objective of the four fundamental ILO Conventions stressing gender equality cover (1) equal remuneration (2) non-discrimination in employment and occupation, (3) workers with family responsibilities and (4) maternity protection.The Millennium Development Goals that emerged from the UN Millennium Declaration of September 2000 are specific measurable targets, including the one for reducing the ingrained poverty that still grips more than 1 billion of the worlds people by 2015. Essential to this promise are the MDGs interrelated to educational results (1) Guarantee that all youngsters complete indigenous education by 2015. (2) Remove gender inequalities in primary and secondary education. By 2006, most countries have already fallen well behind the necessary targets to meet these goals (Millennium Development Goal, 2006).As stated in millennium development goal 3 the promotion of gender equality and empowerment is fundamental to achieving the remaining MDGs .Likewise, there is evidence that breeding gender issues benefits individuals and families, workers and employers, society and national economies. alter womens wages and earnings has been identified as a key element in tackling poverty and achieving the MDGs.Yet there are Country specific activities to advertise gender equality and decent work as in Pakistans constitution ensures all fundamental tender rights and guarantees equal employment opportunities for men and women. Existing labor legislations do not discriminate against anyone on the basis of sex, but women are not allowed to work in a few areas for health and condom reasons, but the society as a whole plays a big part. the traditions of Pakistan forces women to sit at home and look after the children only , whether there husband give them money or not ,. Society or community does not approve females going out and raising voices for their rights. They also disapprove females working outside their homes. It is consider the work of women juts to look after their families. So to change this whole perceptive media is playing a big part but the government also needs to be active.As lately the Government initiated a number of activities to promote gender equality at the heart of decent work and to achieve MDG target calling for full and productive employment and decent work for all including women and young people. Those activities range from genderSensitive revisions of constitutional and legal provide to the establishment of new policy frameworks that function to accomplish the target. Therefore, the elevation of privileges of women and men in the domain of work and to achieve gender equality are reflected in a number of national development frameworks and policy documents including the Medium Term Development Framework (MTDF) for 2005-10, the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) and documents exclusively relating to labor markets such as the 2002 L abor Policy and the 2006 Labor Protection Policy. Pakistans Decent Work Country Program (DWCP) spells out the main strategy and plan of action to promote the design of decent work with gender equality as a cross cutting theme. Overview of existing national policies and development frameworks that stress gender equality and decent work in the country. (Haq)1.4 Managerial and Academic concernsMy research will gamylight the key determinants of women empowerment in Pakistan. As this issue is not only prevalent in Pakistan but is a global issue. as It is very important to conduct a research on determinants of women empowerment because it will stress on women troubles and bring them in to attention and it can facilitates and direct the policy makers to make such an intervention in their area, that could enrich these females not only economically but also politically and monetaryly so that they can make a difference in their children lives and their individual living environment .Conseq uently providing her the individual safety and self-respect that is her essential right. this research is will also help independent institutions like NGOs to reach out to economically and politically deprived women as The negligence of women in development process will be big loss for Pakistan as it will result in loss in human potential and in the end effect national development.Academically, this research is very significant for the undergraduates as it will help them pinpoint the economic and political determinants which effect the women empowerment in Pakistan. Student will find this research more realistic and precise. As now more individuals are getting conscious of this issue, so more instructors and undergraduates are doing research on women empowerment. They will find this investigation more helpful.1.6 Keywords and DefinitionsEmpowermentRefers to increasing the spiritual, political, social or economic strength of individuals and communities. It often involves the author ize developing confidence in their own capacities(Ouellette)Womens empowermentrefers to the expertness of women to transform economic and social development when empowered to fully participate in the decisions that affect their lives through leadership training, coaching, consulting, and the provision of enabling tools for women to lead within their communities, regions, and countries(Wise earth)Economic and political DeterminantsAn identifiable element in economic and political that affects that limits or defines a decision or condition.1.7 Study ObjectivesThis believe is an attempt to find the determinants of women empowerment in Pakistan as women being the core element of development and in Pakistan it consists of more than half of the population.To study the impact of the Economic participation on women empowerment.To study the impact of the health on women empowerment.To study the impact of the Power over economic resources on women empowerment.To study the impact of the Mic rofinance on women empowerment.To study the impact of the Political empowerment on women empowerment.To study the impact of the Education attainment on women empowerment.To study the impact of the traditions on women empowerment.End notesWith the advent of technology and draw secretive in development, yet in this era women still lack behind men in power because even though a lot has been through with(p) for the empowerment of women but there is still a long way to go. Especially in Pakistan, the norms and tradition practiced are such that which suppresses the rights of female. Since independences of Pakistan, women have not gained freedom from these discriminating norms. Even though there has been a progress but this progress is very slow but to empower women not only our government but also society as a whole has to work very hard.LITERATURE REVIEWMeasuring women empowermentEmpowerment is a multi-dimensional procedure that aids women to achieve power and control over their indiv idual lives. Empowerment gives payable right to women.Yet measurement of women empowerment is difficult and it is challenging to judge country level performance as there is difficulty in concourse diverse data. Based on the findings of, Womens Empowerment Measuring Gender Gap, five important dimensions have been selected for the examination of women empowerment. Economic participation refers to contribution of females to workforce in quantitative footing. Economic opportunity is related to how much women are involved in the economy, beyond their mere presence as workers. This problem is concentrated in developed countries where women gain access to employment easily but they have little chances of upward mobility. Political empowerment means women have contribution in the decision making and can influence policy making. Educational attainment is very important as women can get the same opportunities as men do and it can be a big step for development purpose. Health and well-being is associated with how much females have access to sufficient nutrition, healthcare and fruitful facilities. It is very difficult to measure each dimension in each country and to implement policy as each country has many other factors effecting its women empowerment.The GEM quantitatively measures the liberation of women on a country level. This indicator conciliates of the share of inequality in control over earned economic resources, intimacy in governmental decision-making and economic decision-making. This variable measure how much a power woman holds.Drawing upon Womens Empowerment Measuring Gender Gap, a make-up on Taking action achieving gender equality and empowering women, takes a step forward and elaborates further more on that there are three main domains. These three domains are interconnected, and alteration in every one of three is significant in accomplishing Goal 3.Women Current RealityIn a pro say by Augusto Lopez-Claros, it is mentioned that the past three de cades have witnessed a progressively aggregate awareness of the necessity to invest in women through measures to increase political justice, social, monetary and wider access to important social rights but it is argued that changes in women state is a very slow process, up till now a lot of work has been done but yet still the picture is depressing. It is not only the issue in male dominated society but also in developed country as well.A spotlight on deprived female is acceptable for numerous causes. Unfortunate female have the furthermost requirements. It is regularly stated that female outnumber male among the underprivileged.One more important report, Taking action achieving gender equality and empowering women, further elaborated that poor women have greatest need investment funds in them will produce greatest benefit. Further, investment in the adolescent girls is very crucial as they experience more disadvantage than boys.Plus with progress in education and health, yet pove rty among women has increased even in the richest countries where womens labor force participation has grown, but the terms and conditions of their employment have not improved.According to Linda Mayoux, Women also help in poverty reduction, if they are given liberty to save with no interference and or they are offered with loan, these women can cater to the need of their house hold eventually reducing poverty.Microfinance has been fruitful in reaching poor women through inventive methods to address gender-specific restraints. According to a report Womens Control over Economic resources and access to financial Resources, including microfinance, 2009, it is obvious that microfinance has a constructive effect on income, but this income expanding upon has definite limits. As females are subjugated to unfair customs and practices which limits their activities. Females face constraints in gain access to financial ser ungodlinesss.From all these studies it can be assumed that in spite o f numerous accomplishments in giving power to women still women empowerment are effected by many factors .women should be given equal opportunities not only in education, health, and political, economic but also socially as well. Society as a whole should be targeted where new changes, changes in lifestyle and thinking should be accepted. To empower women in Pakistan all these determinants should be taken into consideration.Increasing socialism, religious fundamentalism, and traditionalism are main limiting reasons for womens safety and liberty. other than that self-regulating meetings like NGOs and other self-governing research and academic system of rules, have been very energetic in formulating policy documents, raising public reactivity and encouraging for gender-sensitive strategies and activities at all stages in order to progress womens empowerment in Pakistan.Womens Economic ActivityEconomic participation refers to contribution of females to workforce in quantitative term s. Economic opportunity is related to how much women are involved in the economy, beyond their mere presence as workers. This problem is concentrated in developed countries where women gain access to employment easily but they have little chances of upward mobility.With the passage of time and despite considerable work done on women economic enrichment yet this is still time-consuming as due to many norms and practices women continue to be missing from many important decision-making opportunities which result in the determining the distribution of economic and financial resources and opportunity, that makes women more underprovided.Depriving women from economic resources makes a nation less productive resulting in negative economic consequences. Several social practices seem as ordinary from culture and religious perspective move women out of the main stream.Paid employment for women continues to expand slowly and remains hardscrabble in many countries including Pakistan. As the gl obal financial crisis does not create problems for men but also for women. With men finding difficulty in enlisting as fewer jobs available due to recession thus, less jobs available for females as well. As females previously were offered less employment the men now with recent event they are less proffered and they are at huge disadvantage then men. They are getting more menial jobs and are given less wage jobs. To a great extent of work of females remains imperceptible, as most of the work done by them goes unaccounted and invisible The segment of women in stipendiary employment separate to the agricultural segment has amplified only slightly over the years, this shows that women are not getting work in productive jobs which can lead to development.According to (Oxaal, 1997) , with the shortage of jobs, a woman does not have any opportunity except for to accept these kinds of job. With that those women who are not allowed to leave their house for income are also at disadvantage , as their men after recession are losing jobs , even than they are not allowed by their females to also take the burden of earning income thus , females due to poverty get undernourished and malnutrition makes them unhealthy , which resultantly effect their families. Poverty, unemployment and lack of economic prosperity further strengthen this aggressiveness in bucolic areas the large amount of time women spend on housework and caring for family members means that they had little time to spend on employment and personal care.Since graduation women face a lot of constraint and these restraints replicate womens difficulty in education lack of power and confidence and negotiating authority as from their star sign they are misjudge which effects in low self-respect plus with comparatively high participation in part-time or transitory professions leads to less employment for women and discrimination against them. Despite womens increased participation in the labor market, there has be en no significant increase in the sharing of unpaid work, which affects womens employment choices. opening to EducationThe living conditions of women, their poverty and huge family rest home prevent them from gaining education. Since the ancestry girls are required to work with their mothers to look after the whole family and do household chores this, therefore limits their time and energy to get involved in education. Issue of illiteracy is the main priority for women. As only educated women can access to economic and political sphere.According to (Medel-Anonuevo, 1993) , providing education to women will develop conceit and self-confidence they will have knowledge of their health and well-being plus they will have the aptitude to make their own choices and negotiate further this will increase the ladies attentiveness towards their civil rights. In addition will be able to provide skills for income generation and will participate in community/society more in effect and this will prepare them to be good women leaders.As match to the report Taking actions, educated females are more operative at refining their own well-being and family. They are better prepared to get the most advantage from prevailing facilities and chances and to generate alternative chances.In underprivileged countries, girls from their childhood are given domestic work this handicaps them in terms of education. Gender inequality in rural location is even more noticeable at the phase of tertiary education. Girls from poor and rural Families face higher obstructions to education.Boys are always favorred over girls in education in each level from primary to tertiary. But directed public policy and governance actions can help overcome gender disparities. According to The Millennium Development Goals Report, 2009 policies like removing school fees and providing incentives for girls to attend school can alleviate financial pressures on households. Building schools close to distant communities and recruiting local female teachers can also constricted the gender gap in rural areas.A lot of work must be done to finish inequality and discrimination based on gender especially in schools .hard work must be done to enroll all children in to school, especially girls. And to make sure that they complete their studies up till tertiary level as this can lead to good productive jobs and high economic growth for the whole country.Barriers in the Political DomainInstitutionsSince the independence of Pakistan, Pakistani governments has passed many laws for the rights of women but the change in women condition is still very slow with the passage of time. There is a huge gap betwixt the policy making and practical work. An analysis by (JAHAN, 1996) stated that after freedom, starring(p) Muslim women in Pakistan continued to support womens political liberation through lawful reforms.According to (Haq, Khadija Haq on Womens Political and Economic Empowerment in conspiracy Asia), govern ment is starting to take steps to surge womens political contribution through the founding of quota systems at countrywide and local levels. Introducing quota systems is nonetheless only single step on the road to female political empowerment. We are still facing inherent male-controlled traditions and approaches that limit chances for womens participation in public life.Environment for womens political empowermentLess number of women, who attain decision-making places in a political sector dominated by men, will be unproductive in manipulating decisions as large major(ip)ity is needed. Women are less represented in civil service, government and other public establishments and still massive gaps continue in education and job opportunities. At the identical period, women face legal restrictions that halt them from gaining equal access to property and inheritance. We can achieve gender equality by promoting women in politics.According to (Moser, 2007), throughout the world women are s till disproportionately represented .They remain a very small minority at the center of political power. One significant approach to assisting womens empowerment is the elevation of the participation of females in politics it comprises of encouraging women in administration and national as well as supporting womens involvement in NGOs and womens movements. In government, women concentration in decision-making positions should be in social, law and justice ministriesWomen in Pakistan face a lot of stereotypes like women are considered as unsuitable for leadership positions and all men contemplate that if women have political influence she must be all knowing. Ever since spring women are disqualified from leadership roles, they are deprived of chances for leadership skills preparation. Domestic errands make it difficult for females to go for training or further studies as they unaccompanied do not have the essential hours for study. Thus they lack the talent and ability of political contribution. Most women are linked to a male political leader as wife of an assassinated leader or daughter of an older, if not late, politician. While most women ultimately emanate into their own as leaders, it does not alter the fact that women, compared with men, have partial access to the support of political parties and males.People have different expectations of male and female leaders. As females are responsible for(p) for their family needs with their political career simultaneously. But men have only their careers to concentrate on. When women are elected, they are expected to be all-rounder and all-knowing and in their initial stage of political career, they are expected to make a strong constructive influence in altering the situation of women or talk critical issues such as poverty, health care and education within a small time from their election. According to report ISSUES IN WOMENS POLITICAL empowerment IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION,Unjustified and inequitable belie fs results in insufficiency of females to consider entering into politics. This diminishes the group of prospect women leaders who can be confronted, motivated, prepared, and developed for politics. Womens plea for representation is not to substitute mens power but to create places for both women and men to grow their potentials and foster a collaboration that can take on the tasks of the new millennium. kitchen-gardening barriersTaking the argument in a new direction by a report on Guidelines on Womens Empowerment, states that social issue also plays major role in empowerment.In Pakistan, the girl is still differentiated from the boys from the birth, through her childhood, and into her womanhood. In the tribal fragments of Pakistan, native men are grasping more power through religion and tradition. Girls are considered socially weaker in a Pakistani culture that discriminates against them. In rural areas they observes violence, male violence against their mothers and against them t hus from start this becomes a part of their life. Brothers also then participate in this violence against the girls in the family to show their manhood to peers and family male members. Male children become more violent when they grow up. Extreme poverty is a major factor that will impede the elimination of all forms of discrimination and violence against the girl child .The state of extreme poverty is so severe that it leaves its victims inert to awareness, legal punishment or even religious obligations. The economic empowerment of girls and mothers is critical to the achievement of equality.Females in Pakistan live in a domain, which is controlled by severe religious, family and tribal traditions. According to Zaheer Udin Babur, Pakistan, They are exposed to discrimination and viciousness on a daily basis .Islamic views are not properly interpreted , they are molded according to the views of men as Islamic views wrong interpretation results in females oppression physically, mental ly and emotionally. Females in Pakistan are facing numerous methods of violence, discrimination and difference in nearly every part of life. Viciousness against women fellowship in many grounds is often not considered as a violation of civil rights but rather as a standard experience of lives of Pakistani people. They live in an atmosphere of fear, and their lives are guaranteed in exchange for obedience to social norms and traditions. Because of this fear and sense of being inferior, imposed by the traditional thoughts of a male dominated society, women are wo(e) immensely especially in their homes. The most abusive forms of violence being faced by women take place in their homes.A thesis by (Faridi, 2009) states that women are under the control of men as the decision about education, health, occupation, marriage and physical mobility are all made by her men folk from the selection of their dress to the selection of life partner is made by either her father or brother. Women espe cially in Pakistan are the property of their males and to give them empowerment they should be given their due right. Moreover, Segregation and veil as perceived by men folk maThe place of women in PakistanThe status of women in PakistanPakistani Society is highly patriarchal which is attributed to the age-old traditions of a subordinate role of women. Women constitute approximately half of the population in Pakistan. Gender relations in the country are based on two basic perceptions. First being the impression that woman are subordinate to men, and secondly that a mans honor depends upon the women of his family. Thus it is women duty to uphold the family honor. The disparities among men and women prevails in health, education, employment, income opportunities, control over assets and participation in the political process that make women less empowered as compared to men.There are many conglomerate aspects contributing to the submissive role played by the Pakistani women in th e society, atomic number 82 to a conservative society and to a vicious cycle of poverty under-nutrition and low level of education amongst Pakistani women. In order to ensure that women do not humiliate their families, society puts a limit on womens mobility and restricts her activities. For these reasons women live under purdah. Therefore women spend most of their lives within the boundaries of their homes. In many separate of the country other than in Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore and whatever other rich cities, it is considered shameless if womens mobility is not restricted.Moreover in Pakistan, working women poses a threat to male self-esteem and identity. Therefore women are mostly engaged in multiple home-based economic activities such as cooking, laundry, agricultural duties etc. and pays them very low wage. Not only are these tasks physically tough and demanding but they have robed girls of the opportunity to study.However, due to recent concern and emphasis on removing gende r inequality and improving women empowerment as Millennium Developmental Goal, some efforts at social and official reform have been made to increase practical literacy of women, giving them more access to employment opportunities at all levels in the economy and promoting awareness of womens roles and status. The empowerment of women is one of the main issues in the development process for all the developing countries in the world.According to UNDPs Human Development Report, Gender Equality Measure (GEM) for South Asia shows the lowest value (0.235) among all the regions of the world. Furthermore, as per Gender development forefinger (GDI), Pakistan has been noted the poorest (0.179) among South Asian Countries where the average index is 0.226 (MHHDC, 2005). According to UNDP report of 2007-08, the HDI for Pakistan is 0.551, which ranks Pakistan on 136 out of 177 countries.Elements of the social, economic and political participation of womenThe low health status of women in Pakista n is the result of womens lower social, economic, and cultural position.Women do not play any major role is making social and political policies, however they are equally affected by them as the male members of the society are. Womens elimination from decision-making bodies deprives them of the opportunity to raise their concerns or advance their perspective. The male-dominated governance structure creates gender inequalities which lead to the social and economic deprivation of women.Womens exclusion from politics stem from the social and political discourses, political structures and institutions and the socio-cultural and functional constraints that put limits on womens individual and collective agency. patriarchate as a system of male domination shapes womens relationship in politics. When the gender role ideology intersects with economic, social and political systems of a particular society women continue to be defined as private across countries which resulted in their exclusio n from politics.Male domination of politics, political parties and culture of schematic political structures is another factor that hinders womens social, economic and political participation. Often male dominated political parties have a male perspective on issues of national importance that disillusions women as their perspective is often ignored and not reflected in the politics of their parties. Also women are usually not elected at the position of power within party structures because of gender biases of male leadership.The gender status quo is maintained through low resource allocation to womens human development by the state, society and the family. This is reflected in the social indicators which reflect varying degrees of gender disparities in education, health, employment, ownership of productive resources and politics in all countries. Additionally gender is mediated through class, clan and ethnicity that structure access to resources and opportunities. The socio-cultur al dependence of women is one of the key detrimental factors to their political participation.Sources and the extent of women deprivation and exploitationIn Pakistan, there is a huge alteration in the status of women across different classes and regions. Gender is one of the main ideologies of Pakistani society. An artificial divide between production and reproduction, has given women the reproductive roles as mothers and wives at home and men are given the productive role as breadwinners which eventually leads to a lower investment in women. Thus, low investment in womens human capital, along with the beliefs of purdah, negative social biases, and cultural practices lays the foundation for gender discrimination and inconsistencies in all aspects of life.Moreover early marriages of girls, excessive childbearing, high level of illiteracy and nutritional deficiencies negatively affect womens health. Gender biasness in the health service delivery system ranging from lack of female ser vice providers, ignorance of womens essential and reproductive health needs further aggravates womens health status.Women are officially authorized to own property from their families, however very few women have access and control over resources. Mostly women in Pakistan lack ownership of useful property or assets. Similarly, titular financial institutions do not cater to womens recognise needs. Commercial banks pay no attention to women clients due to their defined views on womens citeworthiness because of their dependency on men for physical collateral, high transaction cost of small loans.1The Agriculture Development banking concern of Pakistan and First Womens cuss Limited and now Khushali curse are the only banks who have character reference programs that cater to women. Other sources of credit to women include idle sources such as nongovernment organizations, friends, relatives, and moneylenders and microfinance institutions.Women in Pakistan are facing various forms of violence. Domestic violence is fairly widespread across all classes. collect to this fear and sense of being inferior, imposed by the traditional thoughts of a male dominated society, women are suffering immensely and this issue needs our terminus attention.An overview of the microfinance constitutions and microfinance lendingMicrofinance was started in the 60s and 70s, when organizations such as ACCION International Opportunity and Grameen Bank started to grant small loans (less than 100 dollars) to microentrepreneurs, mostly women, backed by a group guarantee, thus overcoming the collateral that was the main reason for the lack of attention paid by commercial banking to the low-income segments of the population. Microfinance has experienced considerable growth ever since. Mohammad Yunus was the first and the first of all person to introduce the concept of microcredit with the help of Grameen Bank into an ever more important instrument in the struggle against poverty.Inspire d by the Nobel Peace reckon winning Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, there has been a growth of microfinance institutions in developing countries Pakistan is no exception. Growth and change in its microfinance sector have been back up by the microfinance Ordinance 2001, which resulted in the establishment of the First Microfinance Bank in Pakistan. Before the promulgation of the microfinance ordinance, the main providers of microfinance services in Pakistan were NGOs and government-sponsored rural support programs.Gaining access to finance in Pakistan has an important potential for considerable advances in the economy. Credit to the private sector is equal to 29% of gross domestic product (GDP), individuals and SMEs prefer to rely on retained earnings to finance their working capital, investment, housing financing, and other financial needs. Of the total population, 14% have access to formal finance, and about 40% have no financial access to formal or informal financial systems altoge ther. However, access to financial services remains quite restrain in Pakistan. The predominant share of the financial system, the banking sector, is mostly focuse on large enterprise lending, with an increasing interest in consumer financing and neglects SMEs, rural areas, microfinance, and the poor. SMEs comprise of almost 90% of all the enterprises in Pakistan, they employ 80% of the non-agricultural labor force and their share in the annual GDP is 40%, approximately. This innate feature of an SME makes it essential that there should be a system through which it support in business including technical up gradation, marketing, and human resource training development.The beginning of microfinance sector in Pakistan has its roots in the rural development project. The Agha Khan Rural Support Programs development model is used all over Pakistan. along with poverty alleviation, microfinance in Pakistan has been seen as an important instrument for gender empowerment. Microfinance in p articular has proven to be an effective tool for poverty easing and creation of employment prospects. The GOP has formulated comprehensive Microfinance Sector Development Programme with the assistance of Asian Development Bank to wideen the microfinance sector. This will be attained through the creation of conductive policy environment, developing appropriate financial infrastructure, promoting and strengthening microfinance institutes, developing linkages with NGOs and community organizations, investing in building social capital, mitigating risks of poor households and institutional development. The Government of Pakistan (GOP) and various rural support programs in the country feel that by providing credit to women, which is used for income generation and usage, the social and economic status of women in the household and at the community level can be improved.Currently, the network of microfinance providers is 1,343 branches with about Rs 15 billion portfolio. Among microfinanc e providers, Khushali Bank alone provides coverage in 86 territorial dominions. The three microfinance entities, namely, National Rural Support Program (NRSP), Khushali Bank, and Kashf Foundation accounted for approximately 70% of the sectors active clients. However, there are two main challenges faced by the microfinance institutions of Pakistan. The first challenge for microfinance is for service providers to become profitable so that service provision to poor people can grow on a sustainable basis. A study of South Asian MFIs done in 2005 showed that only 42% of microcredit borrowers in Pakistan received services from profitable MFIs which is the lowest percentage in South Asia (Microfinance Information Exchange, Consultative Group to Assist the Poor, and the World Bank (2006). Most microfinance providers rely on a combination of donor/noncommercial funding, and cannot claim commercial viability, with the exception of the recently formed Microfinance Banks (MFBs). The second cha llenge is that microfinance is almost exclusively focused on loans, while other financial services, savings, transfers/remittances, and insurance are often more in demand by poorer households.Gender norms of microfinance institutions and microfinance lendingMicrofinance programs are known to empower the poor men and women. In these programs, the relationship between the provider and the client is inherently empowering. As a result, microfinance has become a vital element of many donor agencies, poverty alleviation, and community development strategies. Micro-finance programs are not only known for giving both men and women credit and access to savings, they also reach people all over the world and bring them together in organized gropus. They play a significant role to promote gender equality and to empower women. By enabling women to earn income, these programs have the potential to increase the welfare of women and their families and hence empower them.Microfinance in Pakistan has been seen as an important instrument for gender empowerment. The Government of Pakistan (GOP) and various rural support programs in the country feel that by providing credit to women which is used for income generation and consumption, the social and economic status of can be improved. As a result, microfinance has gained immense best-selling(predicate)ity for poverty alleviation, women empowerment and community development strategies. However, capturing and measuring empowerment and emancipation is a particularly difficult task.Within the group of NGOs identified Kashf Foundation and ASASAH were appropriate for this study. Moreover, it should also be noted that Khushali Bank does not have a gender-specific program in rural areas but works with a third party sell organization, Family Planning Association of Pakistan (FPAP), to give loans to poor women in urban slums of Lahore therefore khushali bank clients were strategically left out.Kashf Foundation, a non-profit NGO based MFI, started its operations in Lahore District in 1996. Kashf started with the mission to provide quality and cost effective microfinance services to low income households, especially women, in order to enhance their economic role and decision making capacity.2Kashf provides four types of loan products Firstly, the basic loan product is the general loan secondly, it has an emergency loan which is confirmed only if the credit committal takes responsibility for repayment thirdly, there is the home improvement loan for old and reliable clients and fourthly, Kashf has introduced a business loan for the missing middle market. The most popular one is the general loan, which has to be repaid over a period of 12 months at an interest rate of 20%.Kashfs solidarity group lending model is a Grameen Bank replication with some adaptations. At the first, the branch officers find women in the local area who want to establish a center. The center is sub dissever into five groups and each group has a leader. Together, these seven women form the credit committee and are responsible for maintaining credit discipline in the center.ASASAH is a non-governmental and non-profit organization established in 2003 with a mission to provide quality health and social services to underserved communities. One of the core objectives outlined by ASASAH is the empowerment of women. The organization has launched its microcredit program, as part of its commitment to work towards the training of women as agents of socioeconomic development. It sees a huge opportunity to fill the present gap in the microfinance application by developing an innovative model that brings creates a sustainable and cost effective financial services institution serving the bottom of the pyramid.Keywords and definitionsMicrofinance offers a broad range of financial services to low-income clients, including consumers and the self-employed. These services include housing loans, savings, health insurance and remittance transf ers to help them grow very small businesses. The local MFI business leader also offer microfinance plus activities such as entrepreneurial and life skills training, advice on topics such as health and nutrition, sanitation, improving living conditions, and the importance of educating children.Microcredit refers to the loans and credit needs of the poor people, especially farmers and small-scale entrepreneurs who cannot get access to normal bank loans and enables them to become self-employed.Empowerment is a process of awareness and capacity-building leading to greater participation, greater decision-making power and control over ones life and other processes.Economic Empowerment Womens access to savings and credit gives them a greater economic role in decision-making by giving them the power to decide the utilization of credit. When women can make decisions regarding credit and savings, they will optimize their own and the households welfare.Social and Political Empowerment is a bl end of womens increased control over income resulting from access to microfinance with improved womens expertise, mobility, and education status.Womens status Womens position relative to that of men in a society.Grameen Bank is a microfinance organization and community development bank started in Bangladesh that makes small loans (known as microcredit) to the poor without requiring collateral.Study objectivesThis study aims to look at and measure the status of women in selected semi urban areas in the outskirts of Lahore city. Furthermore we will determine the factors related to the empowerment of women. Lastly we will assess the role of microfinance lending upon women empowerment in Pakistan.In order to achieve this objective, the study seeks to understand how microfinance opens up economic opportunities for women and their families, increases earnings and reduces their vulnerability, and brings about potential changes in womens social and economic roles that ultimately can lead to greater empowerment of women. The study also seeks to determine different pathways through which such social and economic transformations are more effectively (or less effectively) managed and point out negative consequences that may be faced.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewTo understand the impact of microfinance on women empowerment we look at two sets of literature womens empowerment and microfinance institutions. In the first set of literature we review how microfinance institutions work and in the second set of literature we review what is silent as empowerment for women and how far microfinance institutions are successful in empowering women.2.1 Informal credit markets in developing countriesInformal credit markets are those which are not regulated or monitored by the banking authorities and these account for much of business credit in developing countries. Despite the development of formal financial markets, and the lengthiness of micro-credit institutions, informal lenders con tinue to play a key role in the provision of credit to rural households in most developing countries. This is so because the process of establishing and maintaining a network of rural financial institutions is expensive, and managing their operations is difficult especially in the absence of proper training, monitoring, and incentive structures. The informal sector has commonly been viewed as unregistered sources of credit, such as money lenders, pawnbrokers and traders, along with rationing services and credit associations (ROSCAs), accumulating savings and credit associations (ASCRAs) and deposit takers. Moreover, formal providers are those that are issuance to banking laws of the country of operation, those which provide retail services to the customers and engage in financial intermediation. According to the World Bank, the conventional provider categories of informal and formal have been complicated by the arrival of microfinance institutions (MFIs) that may be regarded as sem i-formal (World Bank, 1997).Capital is an important element in the development of any project. Kurwijila and Due (199191) state that the main hurdle to micro-enterprise development is lack of capital. When the poor lack access to the standard sources of credit, they are exploited by loan sharks and other illegal market operators. quest this reason, it is recommended that increasing state efforts are required to eliminate informal finance, while enhancing the availability of state-sanctioned financial intermediaries, especially microfinance programs devoted to poverty alleviation.Savings are an important determinant of wellbeing at both the individual and national levels. For individuals, savings may be motivated by investment opportunities, the desire to smooth consumption keeping unpredictable incomes in mind, or the need to accumulate resources for large purchases. Households in low-income countries have a variety of mechanisms available for saving. These mechanisms range from fo rmal institutions such as banks and credit unions to less formal mechanisms such as holding cash, asset accumulation, and participation in rotating-savings-and-credit-associations (ROSCAs).It is important to highlight the distinction between formal and informal institutions for several reasons. Informal finance mechanisms are quite prevalent in low-income countries. The advantage of informal mechanisms such as ROSCAs is the ability to overcome some of the information and enforcement problems that often lead to the absence of formal markets. Since savings groups are usually localized, agents on both sides of transactions often know each other personally. This helps in overcoming the informational problems such as adverse selection, moral hazard, monitoring, and verification. Further, participants in informal savings committees share a common social bond (for example, they tend to form among friends, family, neighbors, and coworkers) which provides incentives against voluntary default .However, such institution is more compromising to local economic shocks affecting all group members. The formal sector is better on these grounds, and provides some additional advantages over the informal sector, both for the individual and the economy. For depositors, government insurance reduces the default risk of banking. A further distinction between the formal and informal sectors is that effective monetary policy typically relies on central bank or government control over the banking system. A large informal financial sector may compromise this ability.Limited access to various sources of credit is seen to harm women more as compared to men. This is due to the specific credit needs of women as their business requires smaller amounts of capital than are customarily lent, and repayment and collateral requirements must be fairly flexible. (Reichmann, 1989135). Also, it is a legal requirement of many countries, request women to get their husbands signed approval in order to obt ain the loan. Lycette and White (198924) cite evidence from Peru that women borrowers usually receive smaller amounts of loans than men from the banks. However, there has been an on-going debate that women are active in commerce and production activities which require less credit and therefore it is acceptable to provide them with smaller amounts of loan. For these reasons, it is not micturate whether discrimination exists, preventing women from obtaining large loans or that women deliberately chooses to borrow less than their males.2.2 Credit information, credit availability and accessPoor women face much inconveniency and problems in acquiring financial services along with the standard barriers that lower income people have to face when dealing with financial institutions. Illiteracy is a key feature that hampers both women and mens capacity to complete application forms necessary to be filled in order to bear for loan. It is also a known fact that female is more illiterate as compared to male in most countries all over the world.Another drawback faced by women is that they lack the collateral which is required by the formal lending institutions to give out the loans. As already mentioned most of these institutions require the male head of household to sign the contract which makes it difficult for the female headed households to apply for the loan at the first place. On the whole, women especially in developing countries are unaware of their rights to apply for financial services.In most developing countries, both men and women lack the confidence to engage in private enterprise and take loans from the banks for business purposes. The structure of the formal credit system is usually very hierarchical and it may appear less user friendly to small women entrepreneurs. Low-income women are mostly less educated and therefore are not used to dealing with formal procedures. Since banks are perceived to be powerful institutions therefore many women may not have the courage to approach them.Despite the above listed difficulties, gaining access to finances can facilitate women to enhance their skills and eventually develop their own independent businesses. Women can boost their skills by accessing technology, raw materials and market information, thereby improving their economic roles. Improving womens economic position contributes to building their confidence, and ultimately improving their social and political role as well.2.3 Microfinance products and services for deprived and vulnerableAs most of the formal sectors banking institutions are unable to reach rural populations, microfinance programs are seen as a potential solution for overcome the gap between the supply and demand for rural finance. These Microfinance institutions are committed to serving customers that have been excluded from the formal banking sector and claim to work with the poorest of the poor.Many MFIs permit people to access useful lump sums through loans. The curre ntly most popular product (that offered by Grameen Bank and copied by many other MFIs) allows borrowers to repay the loan in small and frequent installments. The participation of the poor is thus made possible by the key feature of lending tiny, often weekly, repayments (Matin and Sinha, 1998 Todd, 1996). Such an organization system allows borrower to repay out of existing income thereby allowing the borrower to invest the loan and utilize it the way that best fulfills their needs of the moment. For some borrowers these loans are directly invested in productive enterprises where the returns on additional investment is sometimes enough to make the regular repayments.Microcredit is seen as a way to improve the income an employment opportunities of poor who can be self employed in many ways (Hulme and Mosley, 1996 Yunus, 1983 World Bank, 1994). The main aim is to provide the household with capital and encourage them to involve in income generating activities, thereby increasing their income and consumption. In Bangladesh, there are more than 750 organizations that are working in rural areas to provide credit and non-credit services to the target population, mainly women from landless households (World Bank, 1996). Grameen Bank and Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) are the two main programmes. Grameen Bank is known for its innovative group-based lending programme. BRAC is famous for providing informal primary education and innovative health programmes to the poor. It lays emphasis more on human capital development such as literacy, skill-promoting training and awareness programmes.Inspired by the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh there has been a rapidly increasing growth of microfinance institutions in Pakistan and as well as in other developing countries. Growth and diversity in its microfinance sector have been encouraged by the microfinance Ordinance 2001, which resulted in the establishment of the First Microfinance Bank in Pakistan. Table 1 below summa rizes the temperament of different microfinance institutions operating in the Punjab province of Pakistan, the year in which they were operationalized and the concentration of operations in rural or urban settings.It is clear from the table that most of the NGO based institutions have a gender specific solidarity group approach to microcredit, where they are catering mainly to female clients. Most of the microfinance institutions working in Punjab province, except for the rural support programs, are either specialized institutions or have a specialized window for microcredit. Except for ASASAH, most of the institutions have been in business for quite long to warrant an impact evaluation. For this study we are interested in specialized institutions using a group solidarity model with a women specific focus. Thus, the province of Punjab was an obvious choice with well recognized and established NGO-based microfinance institution (MFI). Given the time and resources available for the s tudy, we have limited our attention to the Lahore district of Punjab, which is the hub of urban microfinance activity in Pakistan, accounting for more than half of the total borrowers in the province.2.4 Community participation and group lending experience in microfinanceGrameen Bank is famous for introducing and expanding its relationships with its customers in a unique relationship which is without utilizing legal contracts of requiring collateral, Grameen bank assigns borrowers to solidarity groups of five members. Each group is than responsible for the debts of the other four, and in case any group members defaults on her loan, the others must repay the defaulted loan or lose eligibility for further loans from Grameen Bank. This compulsory interdependence is seen to powerfully encourage trust and mutual aid within the solidarity group (Hung, 199715).The group-based lending is very attractive to women in low income societies. Very few women in Pakistan and Bangladesh work in the wage labor market. Therefore their productive inefficiency is associated with the lack of womens labor market participation which motivates them to become self employed by borrowing capital.Group lending schemes have an informal advantage over outside lenders. Often obtaining information about each member of a group by an outside lender is costly and subject to misinterpretation, therefore group members can monitor each other with relative ease as well as train and help the other low-productive members. In Pakistan, social custom restricts direct contact between potential female borrowers and male outside lenders. In the case of a credit program, it is easier for women, when in the company of big group to interact with the male coordinator. Therefore, informational advantages of group lending are thus greater for the women as compared to men. Moreover, adverse shocks may have an effect on the ability to repay loans and decrease income and consumption. There is evidence that women a re more prone to adverse shocks, related to pregnancy, illness associated with child bearing, and care giving to other household members who fall ill, making them riskier for poorly informed outside lenders (Rashid and Townsend 1993).2.5 Microfinance experience and gender empowermentSome aspects of poverty are owed to the inequality between women and men, therefore it is important to understand and interpret the meaning of the term gender. Women and men have different responsibilities in a given culture or location. Gender refers to the social roles of women and men, and is not to be confused with the biologically determined sexes of male and female. Gender is hence a relational concept that analyses womens social roles in relation to the roles of men and vice versa. Gender roles are subject to perceptions and expectations which arise from factors like class, ethnicity, age and religion.Research done by UNDP, U

Karen van der Zees A Secret Sorrow and Gail Godwins A Sorrowful Woman

Karen van der Zees A Secret Sorrow and Gail Godwins A sorrowing(prenominal) Woman Though fulfilling love, happiness and trust in a consanguinity can be comforting, couples often are unsuccessful in finding or keeping the love that their affinity need even if issues may interrupt within the relationship, couples should find a way in working through their problems. Once a couples happiness, trust and love have been fulfilled, they can experience lordly love. Although they would need to make all(prenominal) possible step to heal their relationship, if and when their relationship breaks down, there is still much they can learn. With this stated this idea holds opposing views among the 2 females in A Secret Sorrow and A Sorrowful Woman. In both selections of Karen van der Zees romance novel, A Secret Sorrow, and of Gail Godwins fairy-tale like story, A Sorrowful Woman, the story lines revolve around two women who struggle with their own personal issues-- in which in A Sec ret Sorrow, Faye could not have happiness in her life with fulfilling her dream of getting unite and having children of her own in contrary, in A Sorrowful Woman, the secluded woman had already the fulfillment of being married and having a child, but was now at the point of not wanting that kind of life anymore--and in which how each of the women handle their situation. Faye is worried about how her relationship with her boyfriend will be affected by her inability to conceive children. On the other hand, the unnamed woman of A Sorrowful Woman is disturbed with her marriage and isolates herself from her family. Faye and Kais relationship is one of those relationships that can never be broken. Meaning, that they have gotten to know each ... ... to the role of being a wife and mother to a family, who did not ever cause any pain or trouble? Sadly, the woman felt her marriage was weighing pressure on her, and her only colonization was to take her own life abandoning her husband and son. In conclusion, A Secret Sorrow reveals that not everything in life can bring happiness for every situation, but with the search for answers and the help of friends or significant other, anybody should be able to resolve their situation and move on with their life on a brighter note. For Faye, she was on the verge of giving up hope, but since she had the help of Kai, her worst fear ended with true happiness. This was not true in A Sorrowful Woman, in which the woman did not find happiness with her marriage and chose the wrong path by excluding herself from her family, and resolving her situation in a negative way.

The Great Gatsby -The Valley of Ashes versus Toms House :: essays research papers

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby is, at graduation exercise sight, a novel about wealth, idealism, and social class. However it soon reveals its authors true(a) intensions and ideals. F. Scott Fitzgerald uses symbolism to produce immense emotion. He not tho uses it on the characters hardly on the places and even objects found in the novel. Two example of symbolism and what they truly represent are, The Valley of Ashes and tom turkey and Daisys house. The Valley of Ashes was first introduced in Chapter II, its located between West Egg and New York City, it consists of a vast stretch of desolate land created by the dumping of industrial ashes. It represents the moral and social decay that results from being part of the lower class, as the rich only worry for their pleasures. The Valley of Ashes also symbolizes the unfortunate conditions of the lower class, like George and Myrtle Wilson, who live among the dirty ashes and lose their durability as a result . In other(a) words, The Valley of ashes can also be referred to as the symbol of failure of the American dream. Tom and Daisys house is a fairly declamatory and well elaborated colonial mansion, located on East Egg, the rich and prestigious side where only the people who are truly rich live, not the ones that have made their fortunes themselves. Tom and Daisys house is spacious, just like their marriage, but it has nice furniture and antiques so that it appears to be comfortable and old fashioned, and anyone would suck that a happy family lives in it. Tom and Daisy, like the house, are not really happy, or in love, but they have all the right properties and comforts to cover up the real situation, their huge marital problems.Fitzgeralds description of Tom Buchanans huge house not only symbolizes his marriage but Tom and his values. The red and white colors in the mansion represent his personality. Red in this case is an example of impurity and boldness, while white rep resents Toms superiority towards others. This huge house represents nothing but Tom and Daisys marital problems and Toms arrogant attitude. This two places and its inhabitants at first glance appear to be very